In conduction, heat moves in which direction?

In conduction, heat transfer occurs from an area of higher temperature to an area of lower temperature. This process happens due to the interactions of particles within the material. At higher temperatures, particles have more kinetic energy and vibrate more vigorously. When these higher-energy particles collide with adjacent lower-energy particles, they transfer some of their energy, leading to an increase in the thermal energy of the cooler area, thereby raising its temperature.

This flow of heat continues until thermal equilibrium is reached, meaning both areas attain the same temperature. Understanding this directionality of heat transfer is crucial, especially in practical situations such as insulation, heating, and cooling systems.

Other options presented refer to incorrect or irrelevant concepts in the context of conduction. The notion of heat moving from low to high temperature contradicts the fundamental principles of thermodynamics. Horizontal or vertical gradients do not specifically pertain to the nature of conduction, as heat can transfer in any orientation as long as there is a temperature difference.